
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Between-group polarization (mean-difference): Time trend</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="8">Outcome: Mean difference</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Age groups</td><td colspan="2">Income groups</td><td colspan="2">Work groups</td><td colspan="2">Educ. groups</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>M31</td><td>M32</td><td>M33</td><td>M34</td><td>M35</td><td>M36</td><td>M37</td><td>M38</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Year (0-18)</td><td>0.02<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.02<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.01<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.01<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.01<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.02<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.003</td><td>-0.003</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td><td>(0.003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Periphery (0,1)</td><td></td><td>-0.08</td><td></td><td>-0.10</td><td></td><td>-0.13</td><td></td><td>-0.37<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.15)</td><td></td><td>(0.15)</td><td></td><td>(0.15)</td><td></td><td>(0.18)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Year x Periphery</td><td></td><td>0.01</td><td></td><td>0.0004</td><td></td><td>-0.01</td><td></td><td>-0.001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.01)</td><td></td><td>(0.01)</td><td></td><td>(0.01)</td><td></td><td>(0.01)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>0.43<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.44<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.51<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.51<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.38<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.36<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.68<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.67<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.09)</td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.11)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Observations</td><td>195</td><td>195</td><td>193</td><td>193</td><td>195</td><td>195</td><td>162</td><td>162</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.63</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.51</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"><em>Note:</em></td><td colspan="8" style="text-align:right"><sup>*</sup>p<0.05; <sup>**</sup>p<0.01; <sup>***</sup>p<0.001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="8" style="text-align:right">* Data: European Social Survey, 2002-2018; Country fixed-effects</td></tr>
</table>
